Nubia Geography and History

Nubia Geography and History
Introduction
The villages of Nubia are located on the banks of the Nile River south of Egypt, starting from the south of Aswan to the Upper Nile. And may extend to the sources according to the definition of antiquity, where the ancient Egyptians were unable to identify a particular spot as a side limit at that early time; because of the possibility of transitions at that time. In modern times, the name of Nubia was limited to the area on the banks of the Nile River between South Aswan to the north and the Daba area in the far south of Dongla in the south. This distance is more than a thousand miles long but changed in the era of colonialism. After the site of Tall Al-Kabeer in 1882 the English occupied Egypt and then Sudan as an affiliate of Egypt. This was followed by the revolution of Mahdia in Sudan led by Mujtahid Mohammed Ahmed Mahdi, which succeeded in expelling the English from Sudan. And then headed north to complete the cleansing of the rest of the Nile Valley of the land of foreign occupation, but defeated at the site of Toshki West, about 250 miles from Aswan in the south on 3/8/1889 The English was restored in Sudan and in 1899 the British work on the separation of Sudan from Egypt, Which runs at a distance of about 330 miles south of Aswan between the villages of Adhandan on the West Bank, thus cutting the villages of Nubia to two parts. The village of Adhandan fell on the southern border of Egypt, while Fars fell on the northern border of Sudan. Since then, each part of it has belonged to its own country. And thus raised the phonetic villages of Nubia and the Sudanese villages of Nubia.
The synonyms that have been given to Sudan throughout history have the meaning of the people of Nubia. These names are: Kush - Ethiopia - Taste Ottakens - Mazowi - the land of metal
Nubia: It is said to be the original name and common in all historical times and possibly gold in the ancient Egyptian and Nubian where the mountains covered with this precious metal
Kush: This name is synonymous with the Nubian name, compared to Kushaim, the grandfather of Nubia and the Nubians. He is the brother of Murseraim, the grandfather of the Egyptians, both sons of Ham, the son of Noah, peace be upon him, where Kushaym settled in Nubia while Egypt settled in Egypt.
Ethiopia: This name was called by historians and geographers of the ancient Greeks synonymous with the name Nubia. The Greeks are the pioneers of geography and history. And this name proved wrong because the word Ethiopia is called Abyssinia currently, and it seems that they did not mean Abyssinia as misunderstood geographers and modern historians because the word Ethiopia in the language of the Greeks means black or black-skinned people, and so they mean the word black land, Access to Abyssinia at that early time where the means of transmission were nil.
Taste Ottakens: This name means "the land of the arch" or "the land of archers" relative to the skill of the nobt in the use of Sagittarius The Pharaoh King Ahmose (1570-1546 BC), founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty Pharaonic this feature in Nubia, Egypt. This status in Nubia was recognized by the Muslim Arabs in the beginning of Islam when they tried to open the Nubia in central Sudan in the seventh century AD (640 AD) when they encountered the skilled Nubia shooters in throwing arches
Mazui: This name is also a Nubian character and means a soldier in Pharaonic language, a writing about the soldiers of Nubia
The land of the broccoli or Nabat: This name was launched by the Arabs on Nubia in relation to the Treaty of the pickling that took place between the Muslim Arabs and Nubia in the seventh century AD
Nubia has been playing its cultural, political, social and religious role in the Middle Nile since ancient times. It may extend to more than five thousand years BC until a kingdom known as Nabata was established in the city of Nabata near the present city of Dongla, Political, military and economic in the Nile Valley since the end of the ninth century and the beginning of the eighth century BC, and became a military force hit by the leaders of the oppressors, such as the king of Arar then King Kashta and then King Ankhi and the latter is the strongest kings Nubia and its founder, It was by the words cutouts. While Egypt was in a state of weakness and disintegration after the demise of the Ramses family since the twenty-first family (1085-950 BC), where it was taken over by the Libyan elements known as Almashauch led by their first Chashang. And those who ruled Egypt through the families 21,22.23 until the disputes and destructive conflicts between the princes and divided into more than 21 states or the emirate of conflict. When the Nubian king informed Ankhi about the conditions of Egypt under the kings of Mashaouh, which became so coveted to the foreign countries, he swore to the life of the god Amakhi and the life of God Amun to solve these destructive conflicts because he was entitled to the rule of the Nile for those intruders in the Nile Valley and to establish an empire after the unification of the two sides of Wadi The Nile (Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt), thus restoring the glory of the Salafis. He gathered a fleet and stormed Egypt from the south. All these Egyptian emirates fell under each other under Sultan until he reached the far north of Egypt and became on the outskirts of the city of Jerusalem. Its on who he is Of the Assyrians who were preparing to seize his property.
After this great victory of the Nubian king in Ankhi organized the affairs of the Egyptian Nubian Empire and the fact that the twenty-fifth family among the series of Pharaonic families known in the historical sources of the Nuba family or the Ethiopian family that ruled the empire for ninety-five years (751-656 BC) Awakening in the Nile Valley. The king was succeeded by King Anabakah, king of Sheba (716-7015 AD), King Shabtaka (690-664) and King Tanout Amoun (663-656 BC), the last king of the Egyptian Nubian Empire And the twenty-fifth family. Some princes were sucking
With the Assyrian aspirants in Egypt, the collapse of that Empire was the city of Memphis in Lower Egypt, home to the rule of the 25th Dynasty Nubia. And was exchanging with them in this regard the city of Taiba (Luxor now) as the seat of the idol Amun the yield of the empire. But after its collapse, it was usually the city of Napata or the plant of the second ruling seat and remained until the beginning of the sixth century or shortly thereafter. In Central Egypt, a new Pharaonic family led by King Psamtik, who formed the 26th Pharaonic family after the departure of the Nuba family. The Kingdom of Meroe After the decay of the kingdom of plantation was built on the ruins of another Nubian kingdom known as the Kingdom of Meroe, which was known as the capital city of Meroi to the south of the little city of Napa any near the fourth waterfall and that in about 350 BC, which has been playing its cultural role Nubia nearly seven hundred (350-356), during which she ruled the rule of unemployment in Egypt (334-31 BC) and after them the Roman rule in Egypt also (31 BC - 640 BC) and had a prominent role in resisting foreign intervention in Egypt and in the affairs of Nubia by the Ptolemaic and the Romans, who considered the Lower Nubia area to spread their influence and thus between the two parties Ark of war. One of the most important features of the Meroitic rule was the emergence of the female element in the government, where twenty of its 60 kings ruled it. The most prominent of these was Queen Rynans, known as Queen Kandaka (Canada is the royal title of the Marwi kings). The Roman ambitions of the Upper Egypt and the Lower Nubia, where several battles took place between them and the Romans, were won (in 23 BC) in the village of Dekka, Bassem Pelsix. And went up to the city of Tiba Luxor, but was defeated in the end and then won politically when sent messengers to the Roman Emperor where the reconciliation between the parties and received through the right of Nubia. The Kingdom of Meroe was disintegrated after Christianity began to spread in Nubia, where the king of Axum al-Habashi attacked it and defeated it and threw its pagan statues in the Nile River, thus cutting pagan paganism in Nubia in 356 AD. Nubia in the Christian era of the fall of the Kingdom of Marwa Paganism and the spread of Christianity in the Nile Valley Nubia made three kingdoms Christian is the Kingdom of Nobadia, Kingdom of Makkah, kingdom of Alwa Kingdom of Nobadia This kingdom was between the Chalets on the first Nile and the second. Its capital is Negrash, which is the current Persia, about 320 miles from Aswan in the south on the bank of the West Nile, the first Sudanese Nubian village to the north. And sometimes exchanged by the villages of Kalabsha and Abrim in importance. This kingdom did not last long for its union with the kingdom of Makkah, followed by the south. The Kingdom of Makkah or Makra of Christianity is the second Nubian Kingdom on the north side and begins at the end of the borders of the Kingdom of Neubadia and extends to the town of Abu Ahmed, which was then known as the doors and its capital is the present city of Dongla. This kingdom was a great affair in the Middle Ages. Islam was known as the Kingdom of Nubia and its capital was the city of Dongola. It has seen the emergence of Islam since the end of the sixth century and the beginning of the seventh century AD and faced the Islamic conquests in the beginning of Islam at the expense of neighboring Christian countries, It was in this context stood firm stance when Muslims tried to open the Nubia in 20/640 AD after they were opened to Egypt. The attempt lasted ten years (20 m / 640 m - 31 m - 651 m) during which the two sides experienced fierce battles never witnessed by Muslims. Where they encountered the skill of the Nubians in throwing bow and nobility, so that most of the Muslim fighters lost their eyeballs in those battles and therefore called the Nubians the name of the archers of the gaze. One of the leaders of the Muslims who participated in these fierce battles said: "I saw the Nuba twice in the state of Umar ibn al-Khattab, and I saw no one in the war from them ... I saw a man say to a Muslim where do you like to put arrows from you. Perhaps the boy tricked us. And they used to multiply the throwing with nobility, and they almost threw their nobility into the ground, so they came out to us one day and came to meet us, and we wanted to make it a single campaign with swords, so we could not handle them. Amr was not reconciled to them, and he still scolded them until he disobeyed Wall It was the result of the inability of the Muslims to open Nubia to hold a treaty between the two parties known as the Treaty of Tokat demonstrated the equality between the two sides, and therefore considers this Treaty As a result of the fact that the Nubia provides 360 heads of slaves per year for Muslims. In return, Muslims supply some crops of Egyptian products such as wheat, barley, oil, textiles, etc. Thus, the Treaty of Tokat represents the exchange of interests between the parties. Therefore, it remained the basis of the relations between the Islamic Egypt and Nubia about seven hundred years (640-13170), it is the first and longest treaty in the history of Islamic conquests in terms of quantity and quality, because Muslims are no state, but opened doors and forced them and imposed their Islamic conditions of the most important tribute. All the Islamic countries that followed the Islamic Egypt in their relationship with Nubia, according to the provisions of the Treaty of Potters since the era of the Caliphs, the Umayyad, the Abbasid, the Fatimid, the Ayyubid, and the Mamluks, which worsened the relations between the two countries, The third Nubian kingdom. Its borders begin at the end of the borders of the kingdom of Nubia from the south and extend to the Upper Nile
With its capital Soba just south of the current city of Khartoum. Although this city was mentioned in the PCT, it did not have a direct relationship with the Muslim Arabs who had driven the land of a kingdom. This is due to the fact that a few of its reports were published in the Fatimid era in Egypt. The kingdom of the Islamic treasure emerged after the fall of the Kingdom of Nubian Christian stronghold in Dongla due to poor relations between it and the Mamluks in Egypt since the reign of the Nubian king. Dawood I (1272-1273), which prevented the performance of the broccoli or Nabataeans on Nubia, but invaded Egypt from the south, prompting the Mamluks to carry out repeated military campaigns to deter the kings of Nubia, during which more than one king of Nubia was deposed and replaced by another Nubian king according to Mamluk policy in Egypt Until the reign of the king (1312-1317), the last of the kings of the Christian Nubia, who was isolated and the inauguration of the son of the Muslim sister of Shuja al-Din ibn Nasr al-Din Ibn Fakhr al-Din who belongs to the sons of the treasure. The latter (the sons of the treasure) established a sheikh or an Islamic emirate within the Christian Nubian kingdom, Wadi al-Alaqi in the Lower Nubia 110 miles south of Aswan, the seat of their rule since the Fatimid era in Egypt (358 AH-969 AD) and flourished their emirate in that region as a result of the exploitation of gold mines Nubia until Salah al-Din came to Egypt in Egypt (567 -1171 m ) And were dispersed as a result of their standing alongside the Fatimids in their struggle against the Ayyubids, which led The treasures were built southward to the heart of the Nubian capital of Dungla. The participation of these treasures in the Mamluk campaigns was repeated on Nubia, as mentioned above, as in the Nubian paths and their routes, which proved their footing in the Nubian capital. Making them inherit the Nubian throne, especially that the system of inheritance in Nubia was giving the right to the son of the girl and the nephew to inherit the grandmother or aunt without a solid child. As the child belongs to his mother and not to the father. Since the isolation of the king of the Christian Nubia Crnps and the appointment of the king of a Muslim Kenzi in (717 AH - 1317 AD) on the Nubian throne Nubia in the Islamic era began Nubia turn to Islam in official terms, and the succession of kings Muslim kings of the treasure until the Ottoman era in Egypt since 1517 Thus, the state of the Arab Islamic treasures lived for two hundred years in full (1317-1517), although the chaos was the result of tribal conflicts due to the displacement of many different Arab tribes to Nubia to share the treasure structures in their possession as well as the external ambitions to own Nubia. Including ambitions of the Ottomans from the north and the ambitions of the phoenix in the Nuba Mountains from the south, so the Nubia fell between the jaws of pliers as evidenced by what follows. Nubia and Turks The fall of Egypt was in the hands of the Ottoman Empire in 1517, led by Sultan Selim I, after defeating the Mamluk state, which ruled Egypt by annexing the land of Nubia to the property of Ottoman Egypt. Sultan Selim I was alerted as soon as he set foot on the land of Egypt that another rival in the land of Nubia is also seeking to annex the rest of Nubia to his property. He is the king of Donks, the king of the Islamic kingdom of Fung, who established his state in Upper Nubia on the ruins of the kingdom of Alwa Christianity since 1504 and took his capital in the city of Sennar south of the current city of Khartoum a little. Sultan Selim I sent the Bosnak (a Bosnian-Turkish transgression) to Nubia in 1520 to protect its southern borders. At the same time, the soldiers of the Donks temple, the king of Alfongh, headed north to annex the rest of northern Nubia. The two armies met in a town known as Henk in the far south of the land near the third waterfall, where bloody battles between the two armies ended with the victory of the Ottomans on Alfonj, including a peace treaty, which became the city of palate between the Nubia and the Nuba Nubia. Since then, the conditions of Nubia have been on the margins of history. In other words, there are few political changes except tribal conflicts between the original Nubian elements and the internal elements of Bosniac Ottoman soldiers from Bosnia and Herzegovina who later became known as the Scouts. Others relied on the Ottoman authority for being the tax collectors of Nubia for the Ottoman sultan and sometimes used cruelty in this regard. In the Upper Nubia (Fonghia), where the conflict was intense among the original people represented in the remnants of the treasures of Dongla, the remnants of the kings of the Arab Nubia on one hand and the Arab tribes displaced there, represented in the Abdalab and others on the other hand resulted in the birth of several Muslim sheikhs, Who initially allied themselves with the Fung, the Ja'aleen group, the Chaikia group, the Rakabiya group and others who spread in the Upper Nubian provinces after the fall of the two Nubian kingdoms. Thus, the Nubia remained in this situation until Muhammad Ali Pasha came to rule Egypt in 1805 and began to open the Upper Nubia in 1821 which was called the country of Sudan in the records of Muhammad Ali and his successors. Thus, the present Republic of Sudan is part of the ancient Nubia, The upper Nubia and the name of Sudan is the name of an innovator in the era of Muhammad Ali Pasha. And its character emerged as a state of a flaming entity since the British occupation of Egypt in 1882 after the site of the great hill followed by the occupation of Sudan as a follower of Egypt since the Egyptian conquest of him by Muhammad Ali Pasha as mentioned above. The British worked on separating the Sudan from Egypt after the defeat of the Darwish Sudan campaign from the British in the Toshka position on 3/8/1889 and they were restored to Sudan again in 1899
Where they set the border between the two countries (Egypt and Sudan) at line 22 north, which is located between the villages of Adnan and Faras Nubians, and thus became the city of the Persian horse and the village of Adnan Egyptian.
  Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia