The absence of the national project and the crisis crisis, political development and revolution (12-3)Abdul Ghaffar Mohammed Said

The problem of Sudan in the south between the difference between colonialism and the failure of the northern politicians with promises and national covenants.
Closed Area Policy:
In the period after the 1919 Egyptian revolution, and the movement of the 1924 White Brigade in Sudan, in which the sons of Sudan from the south and the north were united in a progressive revolutionary revolutionary action that worked to raise national awareness.
Khartoum and Omdurman witnessed several demonstrations during June and July 1924 condemning the British colonialism and demanding that the occupiers leave the country and call for unity with Egypt. The demonstrations were led by other small organizations along with the White Brigade, and slogans were calling for the fall of British rule and chanting the life of Fouad I of Egypt. The demonstrations, which were attended by employees, small traders and craftsmen, were characterized by cheering, hustle and violence despite the lack of participation of large sectors of the population. On the other hand, the religious aristocracy met with the demonstrations by Mr. Abdul Rahman al-Mahdi at the start of the demonstrations by forming an assembly (against the General Assembly of the White) when in June 1924 the country's sectarian leaders and major merchants declared their non-recognition of the 1899 bilateral agreement on the grounds that Sudan was not a party They also decided that Britain would be a guardian of Sudan until its development was achieved before it was granted autonomy. The anti-aristocracy of the rebels reached their peak in the attack on the leaders of the demonstrations that they are not (Karimi the oppressed). In order to clarify this, we present here a paragraph of an article published in the newspaper "Sudan's civilization"
"The people of Sudan are divided into tribes, tribes and tribes, each with a president, a leader or a sheikh. These people have the right to talk about the country. Who is Abdellatif who became famous recently and to which tribe he belongs?
Thus we see that religious, tribal and sectarian leaders have resorted in Sudan to an early weapon of ethnic, tribal and sectarian loyalties to fight the rising national forces represented in the White Brigade, the advanced organization in which they met and composed advanced open elements of Sudanese of different ethnic origins, The right to speak on behalf of the Sudanese people. Organizing and directing political action on the basis of ethnic differences.
This marked the beginning of the exploitation of the dominant social forces in the colonial power of the tribal and ethnic differences in the social struggle for the falsification of awareness and in order to impede the growth of national consciousness and to unite on the basis of class and class demands among the various Sudanese and the elimination of entire ethnic groups from power And wealth.
The 1924 revolution led to the emergence of a new phase of the explosive dispute between Britain and Egypt over the Sudanese issue, in which Britain hastily resolved the "Sudanese question" in its final favor. In 1924, the Khartoum government began to remind Egypt of its claim to Sudan's sovereignty and readiness to exclude it from Sudan. In 1924, Sir Lee Stack, commander-in-chief of the Sardar and the governor of Sudan, raised the issue of financial control over Sudan.
Britain has deepened the policy of divide between North and South in order to curb the liberal revolutionary tide which was aimed at spreading national awareness and united the Sudanese regardless of their ethnic background represented in the 1924 revolution. The colonial power played a major role in dividing the Sudanese conscience, Colonialism in Sudan and East Africa to pursue a policy of separating the south from the north in the hope that it would be incorporated into Britain's future in Uganda and East Africa. To this end, the English policy was to isolate the south from the north and then to liquidate the northern presence in the south With all the means .
The main features of this policy can be summarized as follows:
The directors of the southern directorates were prevented from attending the directors' meeting which was held annually in Khartoum. They had to meet only in the south and to be in contact with their colleagues in Uganda and Kenya. I received three memos about the situation in Southern Sudan, On the 15th of February 1920, entitled "Separation of the Sudan from Egypt", this is the title of the memorandum, but it examines the "decentralization of the Government of the Sudan with the aim of separating the Negroes from the Arab lands."
The memorandum proposes the separation of the Sudan into the north and south and the establishment of a dividing line extending from east to west, which has been identified. After this memorandum, ten days ago, the responsible authorities in Khartoum prepared a new memorandum with a more specific vision:
That the Government of the Sudan will be ready to integrate into the governments of other African property such as Uganda and East Africa if it is for Negroes .. The Arab directorates need to be treated differently and therefore should consider the establishment of the Union of Central Africa under the British administration includes of course the Negroes of Sudan) .
In a memorandum issued on March 14, 1920:
The government's policy is to maintain as far as possible in southern Sudan, away from the Islamic influence, where black ministers are employed, and when it is necessary to send a battalion of Egyptians to choose the Copts. Sunday is the day of leave instead of Friday as in the north, in addition to encouraging missionary projects). The memo continues:
(It should be remembered that the regions of the Black South of Sudan can be separated from the North (Arab) regions and linked to the organization of Central Africa.
In September 1922, the law of the closed areas was issued, whereby the south was a closed area that could not be entered or exited except by special permission of the authorities. The purpose of this law was to remove the northerners and Egyptians from southern Sudan, Southerners who wish to move to work in the Northern
Another law issued in 1925 banned northerners from trading in the south without the special permission of the authorities (Dr. Hassan Ahmed Ibrahim), the modern history of Sudan (page 138). The merchant who refuses to leave is forced to do so and then imposes any reasons for his deportation. (Such as "the shop is free of goods" or "does not do any work" or "bad character" etc. To implement its policy the government directed to eliminate the Arabic language in the south and replace it with language English and local dialects, and the government has made great efforts in this regard The British staff encouraged the learning of the southern languages, and reached the point of encouraging the southerners to replace their Arabic names with tribal names, leaving the Arab clothes to be worn and replaced with the African uniforms, the government worked to remove the northern employees working in the south and gradually replacing them with southern employees. Missionaries of a number of primary and middle schools The government set up education in the south in the hands of Christian missionaries to spread Christianity and connect the south with Western civilization and enable cultural isolation between him and the north .. He was spending on missionary education of the budget The government aid, which comes mainly from the northern directorates, amounted to LE 150 in 1924, increased in 1927 to LE 3800 and jumped three years later to employ 7550 pounds. To illustrate the size of the missionary education in the south, The schools of missionaries are increasing in the south. In 1934, 368 schools, including 310 schools, 50 elementary schools for girls and boys, and two teachers' schools were increased to two schools. The missionaries played a big role in creating the problem of the South, even after the independence of the Sudan. The missionary associations opposed the establishment of a unified Sudan because they believed that the people of the North would make Islam a religion for the whole of Sudan. On the other hand, The northerners will impose restrictions on religious freedom and finally believe that it will not be long before the education in the south is subject to government supervision. The missionaries during their educational work were keen to talk about the slave trade in the south, which led to the emigration of southerners to the northerners and the depth of the causes of enmity . In 1930, the government officially announced its secessionist policy in a memorandum prepared by the administrative secretary Harold McMichael and sent to the three directors of the three southern directorates and department heads. The secessionist policy reached its peak in the mid-1930s. Juba Conference 1947 The Juba Conference was held in the autumn of 1947, in which some sultans, young officers and police officers who were considered the vanguard of the educated and traditional leaders in the south then participated. They proposed the establishment of a representative body in the south, which would send representatives to Khartoum in the future. , And discuss matters of interest to the south and north. They stressed that the south needs guarantees that will provide him with the reasons for progress and preserve his self in the future united Sudan. The northern members, led by Judge Mohammad Saleh al-Shankiti, counted the favors awaiting the south in the united Sudan. They pointed out in this regard the salaries and wages that can be equal, and the major functions that can be adopted by the people of the South. The political negotiations between the northern political leaders and the Egyptian government on the autonomy proposal resulted in an agreement in Janayer in 1953 granting Sudan the right to self-determination and did not involve any person from the south in these negotiations. The South did not guarantee any guarantees. On 12 February 1953, The two governments on the autonomy and self-determination of Sudan. In view of the specificity of the south's situation and the isolation it suffered during British rule, southerners demanded independence before federal rule, which they promised to be considered when the permanent constitution was drawn up. However, the National Committee of the Constitution, which operated in 1956-1958, The demand of the "federal government", and expressed fears that this demand is a step towards the secession of the south from the north, and this was obviously clear evidence of the poverty of the imagination of the politicians of the North political, shortsightedness and lack of seriousness in dealing with the issues of the homeland and the demands of citizens in the south, Ignition of the longest civil war in the history of Of the world, and in completing the colonial scheme by creating the subterranean and temporal rift in the Sudanese collective conscience which has never been treated or cured. The First National Government: On the first of January 1954, the Union party won 51 seats out of the total of 97 seats, while the Umma Party won 22 seats. Ismail Azhari was elected as the first Sudanese Minister, Brothers and chairman of the National Union Party. On January 9, 1954, it formed the first Sudanese Ministry of National Union Party members. In August 1955, the Sudna Commission completed its tasks. In the same month, the parliament approved its final report, in which the south won only six posts, compared to eight posts. In the month of November 1955, the first rebellion took place in the south on 18 August 1955, It lasted for seventeen years 1955-1972 and did not cease until after the South gained autonomy. The Addis Ababa Agreement - 1972 The Parliament met on 19 December 1955 to address a proposal for the declaration of independence. The southern members provided a condition that must be met for their approval of the proposal. Federal system of governance, in keeping with the spirit of the Juba Conference
The northern leaders accepted this demand, but as it turned out, they were not serious about it. They accepted the request of the southerners to consider the proposal of the referendum, as the opposition leader, Mr. Mohammed Ahmed Mahjoub, said to satisfy the southerners and to support the independence decision. The northern politicians have tricked southern politicians, betrayed their promise and laid the cornerstone of the mistrust that grew stronger and stronger with the days and through the behavior of various governments and finally ended the complete secession on Saturday, the ninth of July 2011. What is federalism, and what is the policy of ignoring it? Federal or federal is a form of government in which the authorities are constitutionally divided between a central government (or a federal or federal government) and smaller government units (regions, states). Both levels of government are interdependent and share state sovereignty. It is one of the most important forms of governance throughout the world. The authorities in the State which follow this system of governance are divided by the Constitution into a centralized federal government and small governments for each state or region; These two sections depend on each other, and combine to move all the joints of the state. Federalism is a system of government prevalent throughout the world; many countries around the world follow this type of government. Austria, Argentina, Australia, the United States of America, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Brazil, Germany, India, the Comoros, Ethiopia, Malaysia and other countries are among the world's leading countries. The important question and the salt here is what scared the northern politicians of federalism, a good system, known and widespread in many countries of the world? * Sudanese journalist and researcher * Source of civilized dialogue * Abdul Ghaffar Mohammed Said - journalist and researcher Sudanese