Developmental State - Characteristics and Benefits -- Dr.. Ali Mohamed Osman Al-Iraqi

Developmental State - Characteristics and Benefits
Dr.. Ali Mohamed Osman Al-Iraqi
Components of the national model - the Paradigm
Economic Promotion Cartel
Broad-based growth with equitable distribution
 Identity and nation building
 Historic bargaining
 Is a complex process that includes compatibility on arrangements
Reallocates resources and assigns them to
The citizen amends legislation that allows for accountability and control of state residents
The Government that elected her, and this focus is reduced to ensure greater attention to localism and unity
Administrative arrangements are parallel to the mandate vis-à-vis the Center and the locality vis-à-vis the mandate and the unit
Administrative versus local, this entry is accompanied by an integrated system of bargaining
With their legislative and administrative entitlements to strengthen the institutions and structures of the lower government and the focus of each
Jurisdiction over their comparative advantages and civil society institutions that compete with citizens
Its capabilities and strive to ensure distinctive services.
Historical bargaining, then, is not just an allocation of resources, but before that
Program to mobilize local communities on key issues and development needs
Local level and mandate, then it is a strategy for the compatibility of the national program between
All components (parties, technocrats, civil society organizations, ...)
To develop the nation building program at the lower levels;
State / local identity and competitive capabilities within the mosaic of diversity
Cultural exchange in the country, and take historical bargaining as a process of the path shown by the figure
The advantages of historical bargaining:
1. Reverts to lower levels by focusing on the citizen (needs, basic rights, empowerment).
2. Identify each local / state on its advantages and develop its identity.
3. Build effective civil society organizations at lower levels.
4. Allocation of resources in accordance with the rules of justice and equity and agreed standards among localities in
Each State, Interstate and Center.
Identity and nation building
The location of the Sudan, its geographical spread and its diverse climates provided an attractive environment for settlement
, So many tribes and population groups even named in the writings of historians land
Migrations, this mobility and stability led to a state of cultural diversity especially in languages
Dialects, customs, traditions and folkloric patterns
To take care of its cultural heritage and ensure its transmission to future generations because of the cultural identity of the individual
And the group, and this is a continuity of heritage and role, even if it falls short of the effects of globalization, in
Formation of Sudanese personality. But do we aspire to the economic role of this cultural heritage?
Can it be placed as a development priority?
It is important to emphasize here that the identity of the local community is closely related, including facilities or
Historical areas and cultural institutions, and the legislation of some countries requires the need to bring down
Specific location properties and values ​​on maps and documentation, Blue setting specific limitations
For the development project, including accompanying regulatory actions, to maintain
Historical and heritage characteristics, and this means that the development plan is reassuring
Measures to ensure that the site remains unique and protected. States' ability to
To create growth in the extent to which it represents its culture and assimilation of other cultures in a process similar to what
Be effected by the flow of inputs and outputs and provide the appropriate context, whether social,
Culturally or politically to nurture and nurture the movement of transformation and renaissance.
Global attention has grown to the economic role of community culture, which includes
A wide range of products such as handicrafts, expressions and performing arts,
These components have been classified as an integral part of what has become known as the creative industries that have expanded
Its scope includes modern art, media and technology. In this context it has
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) released a 2013 report
The volume of global trade in goods and creative services has registered $ 624 billion
Thereby doubling the level of
2002, with a growth rate of 8.8%. Significantly, the growth rate of exports from developing countries
Goods and creative services rose 12.1% over the same period. Note that it is
The creative economy, especially in developing countries, is highly dependent on the sector
Which is widely distributed in rural and urban areas and redistributes income
Of the displacement movement and develop the countryside. It has called for the Agenda 21 and issued in 2009
2004 by increasing attention to culture as the fourth pillar of sustainable development
Alongside the other three pillars of economic, social and environmental, some economists even went
Including the Caribbean Keith Ners to make the main substrate culture lined around the pillars
Other.
Many studies have confirmed a positive relationship between cultural diversity in society
And opportunities for development and modernization; the multiplicity and breadth of cultural resources offer opportunities
The number of players in the Cultural Value Chain increases
This sector is a double impact to all parties involved in the production of cultural work
The relationship was direct, ie it is part of the production process, or indirectly as a transmission channel
Transport sector in festivals and others. So we have a resource that has the ability to
Stimulate and stimulate economic activities, increase revenues and improve income levels,
We emphasize here a fundamental point that is the pluralism of players and type is alone
To ensure the development of cultural and democratic expression of multiple identities, and this is what
Cultural Sudan has a comparative advantage in this sector, if well managed and developed, at the top of the sectors driving development and modernization. • Malaysia, which has a population of 62% of the Malay and other indigenous groups, is one of the most important countries in the world, 30% of Chinese assets and 8% of Indian assets rose to 10th place in the world in terms of economic growth between 1970-1990 when a wide range of affirmative action policies were applied to local cultures and nation-building programs. Building. India, with its diverse cultures, has coped with pluralist policies and 15 official languages ​​and has made remarkable progress in economic growth, health and education. The land issue is also an example of the disregard of the government departments by the colonialist for the status of the land in the Sudanese culture. The relationship between man and the land is an old and striking one in history. The land is not only a place for human habitation and productive activities but also expresses its identity, culture and political choices. The indigenous people are often associated with the land; they are the only source of livelihood and the basis for their existence as communities. Thus, the right to collective possession and occupation of the land Its servants are at the heart of the population's understanding of themselves, and this right is not the character of the individual as a community, tribe or nation. In the history of the Sudan, the authors and historians confirm that the land was strongly present in the wars that broke out between the tribes at the end of the Sinnar era; each tribe was targeting expansion and annexation of new lands to its possession, thus enhancing its political influence and its social and economic capital. Many of the current conflicts on the ground are due to the possession, control and exploitation of natural resources. In many countries, the government is keen to retain the right to control these resources. Many foreign companies resort to imposing their own economic interests and provoking conflicts. It is noted that indigenous claims to land and natural resources are collective and therefore complex. The notion of collective rights has caused concern in the political system because it appears to be contrary to individual rights, but the absence of legal recognition of collective rights violates individual rights. Thirdly, broad-based growth The rural population still accounts for a higher proportion of the population as well as the agricultural sector (agriculture, forestry and livestock), so growth policies and investment orientation should be favorable to the rural and agricultural sectors. Criteria for the allocation of public and private investments, including: 1. Population and human development position in the region (good, good, weak) 2. Ability of the designated sector to generate employment and increase the degree of front and back linkages 3. Ability of the sector to integrate with other state sectors or Exterior of border states 4. The extent to which the sector is prepared to enhance the competitive advantage of the region and to improve the value chain of products Fourthly, justice and equity The aforementioned pillars, whether historical compromise, broad-based growth or nation-building, are all entrenched in justice and conceived as a fundamental engine. The poverty reduction programs reflect the dominant paradigm that insists that the market economy will lead to growth and will have effects in society such as poverty but can be avoided by anti-poverty programs. Dealing with poverty as an entrenched phenomenon On the economic, social and political context that he had created, and before that of the prevailing knowledge of the economic system, such a deal would not lead to the resolution of the issues of the poor. For example, the issue of land in Sudanese society, which is the common property of the tribe and population groups, and the government's elimination of it for growth and efficiency is a clash with the values ​​of society and leads to tensions, which can be classified by ignoring the cognitive pattern of development and dealing with it as mere actions. What happened in Britain began the industrial revolution, where the abolition of communal land in the countryside and the sale of the loss of small farmers and pastoralists sources of income and push them to flee in search of work, and confirms the books of economic history congestion of British cities in the mid-seventeenth century the poor dealing with poverty as an isolated phenomenon As the illustration shows. Addressing Poverty So, in order to tackle poverty, coherent and consistent macro policies and an integrated system of institutions are needed to promote the promotion of poverty. Capacity and empowering people, and without it, scattered programs isolated from poverty alleviation will become plow at sea. • Poverty alleviation programs will not produce a good impact in an unfavorable environment characterized by policies that act against the interests of the poor and empower them. Poverty is a complex and complex phenomenon with economic and social interrelationships with culture and politics. This phenomenon can be dealt with only through an integrated and coherent system of policies, programs and legislation. And institutions, a system that makes the citizen in the lowest administrative units is the center of attention Fetger Laws, regulations and programs in his favor, and the projects and continue on the basis of what they have achieved for the citizen. Fifth: coherent policies similar to the national economy of the human body, and that any change in the member affected by the rest of the members to varying degrees, and therefore it is important that the economic policies and programs are consistent and consistent with each other, making them comprehensive. • The government's efforts to increase the total supply by improving competitiveness, increasing production and increasing the value added of products should be commensurate with the total demand volume expressed by such programs as liquidity management, rationalization of expenditure and increase in public revenues. If the country is suffering from inflation, for example, and the government decided to fight it to reduce liquidity, it must be aware of the effects on production and economic activity, where it will lead to stagnation and if efforts to contain inflation, prices of goods and services and the collapse of the national currency fail, this recession will turn into an inflationary recession. If the government starts an ambitious program to increase production, expand investment spending and direct banks to finance production operations, the national economy must be able to direct these funds and production surpluses to real sectors and not become speculative in marginal activities, as this will trigger higher inflation rates. Therefore, it is important to ensure the balance between total supply and aggregate demand, and that the programs are designed in a way that accommodates the movement of macro variables in the national economy and deal with them in a fast and harmonious manner. The relationship between the variables is very sensitive and influenced by each other. The variables of the aggregate supply, With cross-linked and associative relationships with aggregate demand variables such as inflation rate, exchange rate and budget deficit. Transformation Pathways To ensure that the model's liabilities result in a real shift in the Sudanese economy, it is necessary to identify benefits, including: 1. Strengthening the value chain in the agricultural sector, developing technologies and empowering local communities in the traditional sector. 2. A creative economy that ensures higher employment rates in a wide range of sub-sectors. Much has been said about the components and feasibility of the creative economy in Chapter II. 3. Targeting tourism as a strategic sector with the ability to strengthen front and back linkages. 3. Develop and implement an industrial development strategy based on integration with the agricultural sector and resources with higher competitiveness. 5. Building good quality human capital, competitive and able to cope with the transformation. 6. A professional and highly efficient bureaucratic elite, which manages the government's wheelchair without political interference or quotas. 7. Supporting and strengthening civil society organizations that are aware of the controls and ensure transparency in the management of economic activity, whether by the government or the private sector. 8. Arrangements to ensure equitable distribution begin with the allocation of resources. It must be well remembered that any economic system, whatever its philosophy is, with a view to achieving efficiency and fairness, is to achieve the highest operating rates, to move productive sectors and to ensure optimum allocation of resources according to opportunity cost and other applications , And justice is intended not to move the sectors of the damage and burdens on the vulnerable segments and remote regions, and adopt a system of policies guaranteeing the rights of retirement and health insurance and fair competition and other liabilities aimed primarily to achieve a balance between the rights and obligations of the segments Different. Economic development, civil society, government, government, universities and research centers. Private sector. Local communities. Banks. Benefits. It should be noted that this model is integrated and comprehensive; it will not achieve its objectives if it is partially applied to take the broad-based growth pillar and leave historical bargaining. This leads to multiple imbalances. With a commitment to inclusiveness and integration as one package, there are several conditions to ensure the success of the model in the Sudanese context. 1. Building skills and strengthening human capital: Human capital is the most important element and the cornerstone of the rise of societies and nations. No country has been forgiven and achieved advanced levels of development. This element has played the decisive role. Strategic programs starting with the family, protection and education, ensuring quality and health, spreading its services and supporting policies and legislation, all in an integrated system aimed at building and strengthening human capital capacities. Public expenditure on public education has led to more burdens on households in a country where the poverty rate exceeds 46%. A 2010 World Bank study on the state of public education in Sudan has shown that households bear about 52% of the cost of running schools, including electricity, The decline in public education has led to the government's priorities and the efforts of families to improve the capabilities of their children and the private sector's involvement in the investment line in education. This has led to what is known as the class of education and the connection of student achievement and progress to the amount of his family's expenditure. And a means of future improvement Families into a tool to perpetuate the current reality, Vthesel your children is linked to the level of your income and financial abilities. Therefore, we are in front of educational systems and policies, instead of providing basic knowledge and qualification for all and adopting the human capital required for the battle of development, it enshrines existing reality, increases the size of exclusion and differentiation in society, and drives hundreds, even thousands, beyond the sphere of action and achievement. • Continued quality of education
The current year in terms of weak government spending and the lack of quality outputs for a number of results, most notably: First: the growing disparity between states and localities and within each geographical region, so that the education policy of those who deny large groups of large opportunity to build the capacity of their children and lift their graduation from poverty to a broader perspective In labor and production. The second is that the citizen, especially in the countryside, does not benefit from the influx of investments. The national and foreign private sector is looking for skilled staff who have expertise and quality skills. If they do not find them in the neighborhood, they are quick to attract these skills from inside and outside, And solving unemployment problems. Third: The loss of the country's historical opportunity to invest in geography by adopting a sector of education is good and high-quality becomes the focus of the countries of the region in the east and north and west and south, and there is no doubt that the work of this size and horizon needs strategic planning and specific initiatives being undertaken by the government and the private sector, here There is an investment, cultural and political opportunity. Fourth, the state of development in some states is continuing. The government statistics confirm the increase in poverty rates as a result of the syndrome of factors, especially the weak expenditure on education and health. The interest in public and higher education and ensuring the consistency of its plans, curricula and outputs with development programs drive human capital to be the cornerstone of the country's renaissance. The guidance of economic policies and programs to move the productive sectors with the highest capacity to employment is a necessary input to address the problem of unemployment. In the agricultural and animal sector, moving this sector should be a top priority, otherwise unemployment will increase, rural migration to cities will increase, and marginal activities will grow. The era of attracting foreign investments with natural resources has only begun and countries have started to improve their human capital because it is a huge incentive to attract investments. In the experiences of Asian development, lessons and lessons are invested in geography. Investing in geography: Sudan enjoys a unique geographic location that makes it close to 300 million people Which is a key advantage of the site, which opens up to markets of this size, as well as behind it from the neighborhood extends to the west and south of the continent of a population of 1200 million people and Africa is the continent of the future undisputed, rush to foreign companies and large investments in most of the To the productive sectors, which turns them into a huge market, and with the improvement of some countries, as witnessed in Ethiopia, Ghana and Rwanda, for example, it is expected to boost the size and incomes of the middle class and increase purchasing power. The sectors of agriculture, food, beverage and mining witnessed a clear attraction for foreign direct investment during 2015-2016. African markets are a great opportunity for international companies for the availability of raw materials, whether in arable land, abundant water, minerals, weak national economies that require a modern and sophisticated service sector, as well as low labor costs. Companies are racing to find their foothold, especially with the rise of China and India. For these markets. In order for Sudan to benefit from its distinguished position, an integrated strategy should be developed to invest geography, focusing on several axes: First: to promote border trade as an input to the development of the country's productive sectors; and to link development programs in the border states.  Second: targeting the value chain of exported products, by ensuring the increase in the proportion of processors and processing and reduce the output of raw materials to the lowest degree.  Third: opening the free zones of the locked countries and linking this to the system of the services and transport sector in the country  Fourth: the development of the higher education sector as an investment opportunity to serve the neighboring countries, and develop an integrated vision to achieve product quality and competitiveness and deal with it as one of the sectors of basic output  Fifth: Is a starting point for medical tourism programs. It has started with individual initiatives noted by the visitor to some private hospitals, which confirms the growing demand for this product. The continent is characterized by the establishment of a number of regional entities aimed at promoting trade and economic integration between countries, and notes that the trade balance of Sudan is a negative number with many countries in the region, whether in COMESA or East Africa or others. It is therefore important to crystallize the strategy of adopting an integrated system to benefit from the economic position by opening markets, enhancing the value chain and developing exports, culturally extending the cultural influence of the Sudan and socially enabling civil society organizations to interact and open multiple paths of relations based on common interests and regional interests. . Empowerment of the private sector: The economic system in any country has two main pillars: the government, its administration, organization, arrangement of conditions, ensuring fair competition and stability of the people, and the private sector concerned with production, marketing, import and export. While there are important roles for NGOs such as advocacy and support for consumer issues and pressure to achieve fair competition, the private sector in its various forms and sizes ranging from small producers is the main driver of the economic process.
Civil society organizations are one of the means of ensuring justice in society. Too much targeting of economic growth and productive efficiency does not lead to the deterioration of individual rights or the emergence of monopolies or other manifestations of injustice, simply because it leads to the accumulation of inequality and the deepening of social injustice And exclude multiple segments of the economic activity cycle.
 Conclusion The model presents an opportunity for the Sudanese economy, not only for temporary recovery but for the establishment of a knowledge economy with its characteristics and concerns, the developments of the regional and global economy and the challenges faced by developing countries. • A close and thorough view of the national economy leads to the adoption of this model as a complete transgression of prevailing patterns and its ability to provide sustainable solutions, whether in relationships, paradigm or production mode and other issues that need to be dealt with transparently and creatively. The federal system and the national dialogue constitute a platform for historical bargaining. The transformations of the global economy and the progress of Africa in the investment agenda are a good opportunity to introduce Sudan in a new way. P geographical characteristic and the ability to human capital, good quality building