First Readings on Sudanese Identity (7)--------Hatem Babeker Awad Al - Karim

(First Readings on Sudanese Identity (7
The misperception of the conflict in southern Sudan is triggering the situation in Darfur
Hatem Babeker Awad Al - Karim
The Darfur region is located in the west of Sudan. It has an area of ​​about 20% of the territory of the Sudan before the secession of the south. It has a population of about 6.7 million. It has more than 100 tribes, the most famous of which are the Fur. The other tribes are Rizeigat, Rizigat Baccara, and live in the south of the region Da'in, Rizigat Abla camel herders Hamjid "Zaghawa" and "Tigers" and "Medob" and "Zaydia" and "Alberti" and "Masalit" and "Tamam" and "Flata" and "Moon "" Al-Malia "," Al-Bunni Halabah "," Al-Taaweesh "and" Salamat ". They communicate, intermarry, dissolve, intermingle, and blend without barriers. The issue of the South as a confrontation of identities triggered the spread of epilepsy between the components of Arab and non-Arab Darfur. Efforts to build the Sudanese personality and the Darfurian Sudanese personality were combined with their characteristics, characteristics and characteristics in the Sudanese nation
Sections of the Darfurian population
Part 1: The components of African origins include "recognition", the most important of which are the Fur, Zaghawa, Masalit, Alberti, Burqad, etc. The researchers in history argue that their origins are due to the Nubian civilization, ie groups migrated to Kordofan at different times for different reasons. And elation of the language of Nubia and unity of mood and convergence of thought and behavior
The second part includes the components of the Arabian Baccarat "appreciation", the most important of which is cohabitation, brown, halibah, Rizeigat, Misseriya, Maala ... etc. The name of the continent refers to the profession which is the breeding of cattle and offset them in Kordofan, Aljazeera, White Nile, Blue and Eastern Sudan Abala. They are the shepherds of camels, Begah, Basharin, Lahwah and Mutahin.
 Baggara is said to be Arabs of Juhayna living in a belt stretching from the White Nile to Chad, Mali, southern Algeria and Libya to Burkina Faso.
The Darfur region has passed through various periods, ranging from the establishment of the Kingdom of Darfur in 1445 and its subordination to the Egyptian-Turkish rule of 1874 and then to the rule of the Mahdia under the leadership of Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi in 1885. After the death of al-Mahdi, the Caliph Abdullah took control of the leadership of the state, South of Darfur, and failed to repel the Anglo-Egyptian attack led by the English General Kachener in the Battle of Karei on September 2, 1898. The Anglo-Egyptian armies occupied Omdurman, capital of the Mahdi Omdurman. In Darfur, Ali Dinar, the king of his fathers, was restored and ruled completely independent from the Government of the Sudan for 28 years until World War I and Sultan Ali Dinar signed the Ottoman Empire in its war against the Allies. The British and the Sudanese Government decided to take full control of Darfur, As in other provinces of Sudan in 1916 after the elimination of the armies of Ali Dinar and his death. And thus entered the Darfur region under bilateral administration until the end of the bilateral rule and the independence of Sudan in 1956.
Although the situation in Darfur has been widespread since 2003, the situation has been on the rise for three decades. The region has not experienced security, political, economic and social stability due to various security, political and natural phenomena (drought and desertification). Great famines in 1973, 1985 and 1992.
 The Chadian-Chadian conflict and the Libyan-Chadian conflict during the 1980s and early 1990s also led to the proliferation of arms and armed groups in the region, coinciding with drought and desertification, with more than 15,000 deaths.
More than three million Chadians settled in Sudan, half of them in Darfur, especially in the south-western and eastern border areas (more than 50 tribes are common to Sudan and Chad). The Chadian element, both African and Arab, In Darfur over the past years.
The war in the south and the developments in the situation in Ethiopia played an important role in fueling the security situation in Darfur. The various tribes benefited from the availability of weapons smuggled into the region. The tribes also benefited from the policy adopted by the Sudanese government to train individuals to defend the people in the face of the southern war and to train in a formal way to protect their tribes against other tribes.
Migration due to drought, the search for pasture and fertile agricultural land led to friction between tribes that entered into local conflicts involving Arab tribes, such as between the two tribes of Bunni Halba and Mahri in 1984 and the tribes of African origin between Dar al-Qamar and Falata in 1987.
However, these tribal conflicts developed into an alliance of some Arab tribes against the Fur tribe of African origin in Jebel Marra and Wadi Saleh, following the 1986 security chaos.
In the beginning of the eighties, these tribes were organized in the so-called Arab Gathering established by the governor of the province, Ahmed Ibrahim Dreij, from the Fur, to form a secret political entity aimed at controlling all the territory of Darfur and the expulsion of all Arab tribes from the region. This entity resulted in another secret organization known as Quraysh and its aim was to gather the Arab tribes in Darfur and Kordofan in accordance with a program to govern the Sudan in stages, and compete with the tribes of the north, which have dominated the government since 1956 (the date of independence). In the face of the Arab group supported by the official authorities in Khartoum during the era of the Sadiq al-Mahdi government, the Fur tried to revive the "Sony" movement, which was founded as a secret military organization and arm of the renaissance of Darfur, which included most of the region's intellectuals in Khartoum, but immediately failed to revive the organization because of tribal restrictions Arab and government.
Indeed, the problem of Darfur is not only the result of the events of 2003, but the result of identity disputes and the accumulations of the execution of the Sudanese personality. These are deposits that contributed to the political situation and the ruling elite in Sudan since independence. Despite the warning of some observers that there is a fire under the ash may ignite at any moment, especially that the region did not see the existence of significant development projects except for the West Savannah project and Jebel Marra development project and research project Ghazala exceeded, in addition to There is a significant shortage of schools, hospitals and services. All these factors have contributed to the escalation of the situation, which has been transformed from local injustice and internal displacement into an armed rebellion against the government with political objectives and external commitments. This has been helped by the policies of the Sudanese political movement, which viewed Darfur as a candidate for rebellion after the Dawood Revolution. In the early 1990s, as part of the polarization and counter-polarization in the context of the identity struggle that erupted since the events of Torit in 1955, Dawid Yahya Pollad rebelled because of his position on the identity struggle within the front between Islamists' sniffing And a group of Fur, Zaghawa and Masalit fighters in November 1991 to control the Jebel Marra area to declare the African Darfur tribes joining the rebellion against Arab control in Khartoum. However, the government was able to eliminate its forces with the help of the Arab tribes and was arrested and executed. Later shot. After the death of Daoud Bolad, tribes of African origin began to make arrangements for the establishment of a military entity instead of the unorganized militias, and made contact with the SPLM and SPLA in southern Sudan and with political leaders abroad, led by Ahmed Ibrahim Dreij, Maherf Black Book, which provides a statistical historical report on the state of excellence due to ethnic and ethnic identity, which is considered the intellectual reference to face identities in Darfur. However, the conflict did not develop into military political conflict and armed rebellion until an armed group of the Fur tribe allied with Zaghawa captured the town of Gulu, the capital of Jebel Marra province, West Darfur, on 19 July 2002. For the first time, Political goals. In 2003, Darfur turned into a military operation area to confront the new SLA-led coalition, the name of the Darfur rebel movement, especially as the government began to take note of the gravity of allegations that Zaghawa militants were seeking to establish a Greater Zaghawa state that includes Darfur, Chad and parts From Libya and the Niger. The Arab Gathering benefited from this claim in approaching the government in Khartoum and coordinating with it to face the security threat. This coincided with the accession of large numbers of Zaghawa to the Sudan Liberation Movement first and the Justice and Equality Movement founded by Dr. Khalil Ibrahim, one of the Islamic leadership of the people of Darfur. The African Union continued to play a pivotal role in dealing directly with the Darfur crisis as the regional organization concerned with the issues of peace and stability in Africa. The crisis has received intense attention from the Union. To end the human tragedy in the region and to reach a political settlement. Following the Addis Ababa Summit, African Union President Olusegun Obasanjo visited Khartoum on 2 August 2004, in order to increase the necessary ceasefire monitors in the region and from African forces to protect these observers. As a result of the deterioration of the situation there, he proposed shifting the mission of the African force from a force to protect the observers to a peacekeeping force and increasing the number of troops from 200 to 3,500 under the agreement between the African Union and the Sudanese government at the AU headquarters in Addis Ababa in September 2004, In the Darfur crisis, both through the adoption of the peace negotiations in Abuja and Addis Ababa, or through the holding of mini-African summits or in the formation of its military force. This led to the crisis in the African theater until the end of 2004. This is due to the insistence of Egypt and South Africa on the need to respect the right of the African Union to manage the crisis on the one hand and the refusal of France, Russia and China on the other. The armed conflict in the Darfur region has shifted from a limited local conflict to an international territorial issue that has transcended Sudanese national law and falls within the purview of international humanitarian law. The Security Council adopted 20 resolutions on the conflict in Darfur, Between national components of an international regional cause and why a conflict between population components has turned into widespread international intervention? The reality of the failure of the administration of cultural, ethnic and religious diversity was the basis for the struggle of competing identities, but the concepts presented in the Permanent Peace Agreement through the negotiation paper of Machakos affirmed that the common history of Sudan and the history of the Sudanese personality is neglected and that there is no national figure on which the future of the nation is built. The selective treatment of the identity struggle has recognized the assassination of the Sudanese character and the return of Sudan to the platform of establishment through ethno-ethnic confrontations that express the identity struggle as an alternative to the development, development and revival of the Sudanese personality.
 Continued .