(First Readings on the Sudanese Character (5
National construction and division tendencies
Hatem Babeker Awad Al - Karim
Whatever is said about regional and international balances that have led to the division of Sudan and that they continue to play an effective and effective role in the dismantling of Sudan, the first responsibility lies with the Sudanese political movement! The Sudan, with its enormous intellectual potential and political expertise not used in construction, was weak in changing the balance of power in favor of strengthening national construction. The Round Table Conference of the 1960s, which looked at the issue of the South and the minorities, was not just a failure of a political power conference to look into the issue of national building but the emergence of an ideological trend that ignores personality and motivates its existence by working on different identities.
There is still a specter in Sudan throughout the post-independence era - the specter of division on ethnic religious grounds since the outbreak of the armed conflict in 1955, which was dealt with differently in the 1972 Addis Ababa agreement. The Addis Ababa agreement was held for ten years. The political forces then turned to assert the Arab Islamic identity at the expense of The rest of the Sudanese components were the declaration of Islamic law in 1983 as an expression of the intellectual and political foundations of reconciliation between 7/7/1977 between the National Front (Umma, the Union and the Islamic Movement) and the May Military Government. The declaration of Islamic law was preceded by the dismantling of the Addis Ababa agreement, which restored civil war in southern Sudan in May 1983, which was established in the SPLA and SPLM on the basis of Khartoum's retreat from the Addis Ababa agreement.
After the popular uprising that overthrew the May regime in April 1985, the parties followed the same path of the former regime to insist on a military solution. Military agreement with Libya, which is the terms of the SPLM. The Marjani-Garang agreement accelerated the seizure of power by the Islamic Front on June 30, 1989, which used revolutionary legitimacy to price the war and moved to work for an agreement with a part of the SPLM after the declaration of Nasser in the summer of 1991 that presented three options for peace and ending the civil war, And the right to decide - was the Khartoum Peace Agreement, preceded by the Frankfurt Declaration of the 1990s, which established the right of self-determination as a mechanism to solve the problem of civil war in southern Sudan. The opposition parties agreed with the Torit faction on the right of self-determination in Asmara decisions in July 1995.
It is our assessment that activating the confrontations between the identities of the Sudanese components and weakening the Sudanese personality led to the division of the Sudan into international ones under the Comprehensive Peace Agreement 2005 which was based on the choices of unity or referendum on the right to self-determination. The IGAD-sponsored peace accord through its flaws and gaps in the classification of the conflict in the south as a conflict of identities has raised the level of tension in Darfur but moved it into a new confrontation. That is why opposition parties accuse their opponents of power of being responsible for the secession of the south and the division of the south. Some are talking about the bad application of the peace agreement and the absence of leader John Garang. Others talked about emptying the 2005 constitution from its content with the laws that contradict it. A broad trend has stuck to the charge of secession in Al-Attibah newspaper and its editor-in-chief, Tayeb Moustafa. All these views ignore the dwarfing of the Sudanese character of the political movement of the Sudanese political movement to identify identities. This is precisely what led to the independence of southern Sudan and its insistence will lead to the division and dismantling of the Sudanese state. Sudanese conflict revolves around two halamine positions
* Starting from the universality of human civilization and adhering to the Arab-Islamic specificity. This trend believes that the Sudanese crisis is a democratic political system that welcomes the uniqueness of the Arab-Islamic presence. As a base for national construction
* The belief that the world civilization is a Western Christian civilization was deepened with iron and fire and control of the wealth of peoples and the confiscation of their history and no way but the Islamic Caliphate or return to the Islamic root base for the Sudanese national construction.
This is why there were no differences between the Frankfurt meeting in the 1990s between the SPLM and the Nasserist faction in Khartoum. And the crucial issues conference between the SPLM and the Torit faction. The result was one: (self-determination). This is the answer of the political movement on the issues of national construction, political backwardness and administrative incompetence. It can only be a dismantling of the primary elements and the differentiation of identities, which puts the possibility of the emergence of states on the ruins of Sudan. Assuming that harmonious ethnic and religious identities are compatible with the assimilation of technologies in politics, science and technology for development and advancement. It is clear that the inability to send the Sudanese personality and give it the energy of maturity.
The issue that deserves substantive and constructive review is the issue of the Sudanese personality capable of establishing cohesion of identity on the basis of citizenship, the Sudanese nation in terms of its programs and practices and upgrading the national structure. Our cause should not be the one who founded the important division to stop it. Everyone contributed to the creation of this or that.
Appendix
Text of Final Statement of Asmara Decisions
The National Democratic Rally (NDA) held a conference in Asmara, capital of Eritrea, under the theme of the Conference on Critical Issues, from 15 to 23 June 1995. All political, trade union, military and national figures belonging to the National Democratic Rally participated in the conference:
Democratic Unionist Party
Party Nation
SPLM and SPLA
African-Sudanese parties
Sudanese Communist Party
Sudanese Trade Unions
Conference of the Beja
Sudanese coalition forces
And other independent national figures
The participants deliberated on the basic issues of the homeland and their discussions focused on the following elements:
Stop the war and bring peace to Sudan:
(A) The right to self-determination;
B - the relationship of religion to politics
(C) The form of governance during the transitional period
Programs and mechanisms to escalate the struggle to overthrow the NIF
Arrangements and tasks of the transition period
Elements of the future Sudan
Structure of the National Democratic Assembly
Humanitarian issues
The National Democratic Rally, which holds its conference in difficult and harsh conditions for the people of the Sudan because of the domination of the Fascist National Front and its policies, which have destroyed the dignity of the Sudanese citizen and destroyed the national economy has harmed Sudan's external relations by threatening regional and international security and stability and exporting terrorism and sedition to neighboring countries and to many countries of the world. The regime has revealed its aggressive nature by rejecting all peace initiatives and fueling the war in southern Lebanon. Therefore, the group stresses the continuation of hard work in all means of political resistance, military and popular.
And based on the principles and objectives of the declared National Democratic Rally and the culmination of the continuous struggle of our people against the successive dictatorships and the inspiration for their experiences in achieving and supporting national unity.
Believing in the consolidation of the foundations of a new democratic order based on political pluralism and respect for human rights, the Conference decided:
First: Stop the war and bring peace to Sudan
The right to self-determination:
To affirm the principle of the right to self-determination as an inherent, fundamental and democratic right of peoples.
Recognize that the exercise of the right to self-determination provides a solution to end the ongoing civil war and facilitate the restoration and consolidation of democracy, peace and development.
To exercise this right in a climate of legitimacy and democracy and under regional and international supervision.
The war-affected areas are Southern Sudan, the Abyei region, the Nuba Mountains and the Al-Anqasna Mountains.
That the citizens of southern Sudan (with its borders adopted on 1 January 1956) have the right to exercise the right of self-determination before the end of the transitional period.
That Abyei residents should be consulted about their desire to continue within the administrative arrangements within South Kordofan or to join Bahr al-Ghazal through a referendum during the transitional period. If the referendum confirms that the desire of the majority of Abyei citizens to join Bahr al-Ghazal, they will be entitled to exercise the right of self-determination as part of the citizens of southern Sudan.
With regard to the citizens of the Nuba Mountains and the Al-Anqasna Mountains, it emphasizes the political treatment aimed at removing all existing grievances in these two regions. Such treatment should be carried out by the Transitional Government. This entails a referendum to ascertain the political and administrative future during the transitional period.
To reaffirm its commitment to the achievement of a just and democratic peace and unity based on the free will of the Sudanese people and the peaceful resolution of the current armed conflict through a just and lasting settlement. In this regard, it affirms its acceptance of the Declaration of Principles adopted by the IGAD Group and considers this declaration to be a practical and reasonable basis for achieving a lasting and just peace.
To affirm that true peace in Sudan is impossible to see within the context of the problem of the South, but by recognizing the national roots of the problem.
To ensure that Sudan's national issues can only be solved through a frank and serious dialogue between all the Sudanese national groups and that the nature and history of the Sudanese conflict has demonstrated that a just peace and stability in the country can not be achieved by a military solution.
The Conference stressed that the forces of the National Democratic Rally must work seriously in order to take a unified position of the two options that will be put to the referendum
(A) Federal / Confederation.
Independence.
That the NDA should work during the transitional period to build confidence and re-formulate the Sudanese state until the exercise of the right of self-determination in support of the unity option.
Recognizing that the right to self-determination is a human and democratic right and a right of peoples, it is also a mechanism to put an immediate end to the civil war and a unique historic opportunity to build a new nation based on justice, democracy and free will. The Assembly is committed to leading the Sudanese people to exercise this historic right successfully.
B. Religion and Politics in Sudan
All human rights principles and standards contained in international and regional human rights instruments and conventions are an integral part of the Constitution of the Sudan and any law, decree, decision or action contrary thereto is considered null and void.
The law guarantees the full equality of citizens based on the right to citizenship, respect for beliefs and traditions and non-discrimination among citizens on the grounds of religion, race, sex or culture and invalidates any law that is issued contrary to that and is unconstitutional.
No political party may be founded on a religious basis.
The State recognizes and respects multi-religious and creed beliefs and commits itself to the pursuit of coexistence, peaceful interaction, equality and tolerance between religions and creeds, and allows for the free and peaceful calling of religions and the prevention of coercion or any act or action inciting racial hatred and hatred anywhere in the Sudan.
The National Democratic Rally is committed to preserving the dignity of Sudanese women
And affirms its role in the Sudanese national movement, and recognizes the rights and duties contained in international covenants and covenants not incompatible with religions. National media, education and cultural programs are based on adherence to regional and international human rights instruments. The transitional government shall govern the transitional period on the basis of decentralized rule. The Interim Constitution shall specify the powers and powers and distribute them between the Center and the regional entities. Preparation of a Decentralized Governance Act. To establish decentralized rule on the distribution of powers and powers agreed between the Center and the northern entities and the South entity on the agreement to be agreed upon names later. To take into account the role of local government and the status of civil administration in the formulation of decentralized governance law. To take into account the transitional administrative division: removal of grievances and causes of war and creating conditions for the reconstruction and reconstruction of the country. Touch the wishes of the people of different regions in the context of the evolution of the democratic process in the country. 6. To take into account the implementation of decentralized governance economic conditions and austerity policies for the purpose of reducing expenditures with the need to focus on mobilizing the masses and providing sufficient opportunity for popular participation in the framework of democratic decentralized government. Second: On the programs and mechanisms of escalating the struggle to bring down the existing regime the legality of the armed action carried out by the factions of the National Democratic Rally in order to overthrow the regime according to the mechanisms agreed upon. Provide the necessary support. A supreme military political committee shall be formed to coordinate and supervise the implementation of the programs of escalating the struggle and overthrowing the regime. Third: On the military and security arrangements for the transitional period, the Conference approved all the recommendations made by the competent technical committee. Fourth: Future Sudan to establish the new Sudan The Conference adopted the following projects: Economic program for the transitional period. Program for foreign policy and policies of regional and international cooperation. Program to remove the effects of the Islamic Front. Law for the organization of political parties. Charter of labor union. Press and Publications Law. Fifth: Humanitarian Issues The economic policies of the regime and its escalation of the civil war have exacerbated internal migrations and displacement and have caused severe damage to the environment. This has resulted in a tragic situation in which the Sudanese citizen, especially women, has been living and the war, instability, political persecution and violations of human rights have resulted in large numbers of the best children. People to go outside the country. The Conference adopted a practical program to provide relief to citizens within the country during the transitional period, to provide essential services to Sudanese refugees outside the country, and to eliminate the lives of the victims. Suffering in the immediate and future terms and in close cooperation with the international and regional community and in coordination with the relevant institutions within the Sudan. Sixth: Structure of the Assembly and Amendments to the Charter The Conference adopted the new organizational structure of the National Democratic Assembly, which consists of the leadership, the Executive Office, the Secretariat, specialized secretariats and branch centers. The Conference also approved some of the amendments to the Charter which were considered to be in keeping with developments in the political arena. Signatures Democratic Union Party Umma Party SPLM / A Sudanese African Parties Rally Communist Party Legal Leadership Unions Bajja Conference Sudanese Alliance Forces National Figures ______________ Source: Concluding Statement of Asmara, Umma Party
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