The American policy approach ..... Samuel Huntington

The American policy approach ..... Samuel Huntington
By: Abdel Hakim Soliman Wadi ... President of the Rachel Corrie Palestinian Center for Human Rights and follow-up of international justice
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  About Samuel Phelps Huntington:
Samuel Phillips Huntington. (Born April 18, 1927 - died December 24, 2008) is a professor of political science who is famous for his analysis of the relationship between the military and the civilian government, his research on state coups, and his thesis that central political actors in the 21st century will be civilizations rather than nation states Which is shaped by contemporary migration. Studied at Yale University, a professor at Harvard University ... Huntington first emerged in the 1960s by publishing a paper titled "The Political System in Changing Societies," a work that challenged the traditional view of modernization that argued that economic and social progress would lead to stable democracies In the newly independent colonies.
       Implications:
The West won the world not for the superiority of its ideas, values ​​or religion, but for its superiority in the application of organized violence. Westerners often forget that fact, but non-Westerners never forget it. "
The question that begs itself ... ... Are the prophecies of Samuel Huntington fulfilled after his departure? Huntington focused more extensively on Islamic civilization in his book. After the Sept. 11 attacks, Samuel Huntington wrote another famous article in the December 2001 issue of Newsweek: "The Age of Muslim Wars," reiterating his earlier vision and interpretation of the dimensions of these wars, That his theory had been achieved, and that the wars of Muslims will be the main feature of the twenty-first century.
Hantgton's assumptions lead us to the features of violence coming from the Muslim world, summarized in a focused phrase, that the borders of Islam are bloody as well as its viscera, the most eloquent expression of his article in 1993, he said in his article, which since its publication in 1993, Cultural, political and strategic challenges in many parts of the world, and generated varying responses
Between support, reservation and rejection. In an atmosphere very similar to that which accompanied the publication of an end article
History of Francis Fukuyama in the summer of 1989.
Huntington developed his article and turned it into a book published in 1996, where he explained and developed his hypotheses
And his ideas and support them with a set of new data.
This controversial thesis, for the sensitivity and seriousness of some of the ideas it contained attracted a growing interest
By researchers, through a series of dialogues and symposia that they tried to build a vision of future policies
Post-Cold War globalism and clearly reflect some trends within strategic thinking circles
In the United States and the West in general.
It has been given great importance to this thesis, comparing it to George Kennan's famous essay
1949 under the title "Sources of Soviet Behavior", which formed the basic system and reference
Of the overall strategy of the United States of America under the so-called containment policy.
In terms of objectivity and scientific honesty, we refer to the fact that the Moroccan thinker Al-Hadi Al-Munjarah is one of the first of the
Pay attention to the central role of cultural identity in determining the nature and sources of future international conflicts
 14 years before the Huntington article was published while participating in the preparation of the Rome report in 1979
Under the title "From the cradle to the grave," and this without forgetting the pioneering contributions in this area to the thinker
Algerian Ibn Nabi and the Egyptian thinker Anwar Abdel Malik on the "dialectic of civilizations"
The great interest of this thesis has made it a station for debate and political and cultural debate
And strategic, and asked them several deep questions and perhaps the most important: Why this uproar and the case of amplification?
Why the growing interest in the thesis? What is its content? And what evidence has been adopted to strengthen the foundations
His theory? What is the location of the civilizational blocs within this clash of civilizations? And finally what the nature of this relationship
Between these blocs? What are their dimensions and implications for the process of international relations and their actors?
We will try to answer the problem through the following design:
entrance:
The first topic: The pivotal idea behind the thesis of the clash of civilizations for Huntington:
First requirement: Types of civilizations at Huntington:
The first paragraph: the characteristics of civilization in the thesis of the clash of civilizations
Second paragraph: Levels of conflict among civilizations
The second requirement: the causes of cultural clash in the Huntington thesis:
The first paragraph: The tendency of culture in the thesis of the clash of civilizations
The second paragraph: the wrong idea of ​​the West in the clash of civilizations
The second topic: Huntington's justifications for the bad relationship between Islamic civilization and other civilizations:
The first requirement: The nature of the relationship between the Islamic and Western civilizations:
The first paragraph: the location of the West in the Huntington theory
The second paragraph: The causes of Islamic violence as Huntington sees it
The second requirement: addressing the strategic vacuum in the clash of civilizations:
The first paragraph: The strategic objectives of the thesis
The second paragraph: Criticism of the Huntington thesis
Conclusion
 The first topic: The pivotal idea behind the thesis of the clash of civilizations for Huntington:
The pivotal focus of the Clash of Civilizations thesis is Huntington's frank endorsement of the idea of ​​consideration
Civilization and culture are the new factors that will govern the process of international relations and thus divisions
The greatest in the world will be civilized clash within a group of harmonious cultural blocs
And competing with each other, civilization as the highest forms of expression of identity will have an effective role during
Next century, Huntington defines civilization as a cultural entity
It is the largest cultural gathering of people and the broadest level of cultural identity of the people. Huntington's cultural conflict is at the center of global politics and he controls the course of international relations. The cultural factor is presented as the engine of global geopolitics and the balance of power. But the question that arises here is which civilizations are Huntington talking about (first demand)? What are the causes of this conflict (second demand)? First requirement: Types of civilizations at Huntington: The present great civilizations were divided into eight civilizations and the criterion of separation is religion, respectively: Western Civilization - Chinese Civilization - Japanese Civilization - Islamic Civilization - Indian Civilization - Orthodox Civilization - Latin American Civilization - Civilization Africa. However, Huntington has defined the characteristics of each civilization on its own. This is what we will discuss as follows: First paragraph: The characteristics of civilization in the thesis of the clash of civilizations: The identification of the characteristics of each civilization separately requires to know the characteristics and characteristics of these civilizations. The characteristics of these civilizations are based on the following form: - Western civilization: usually dated to patterns that emerged from 700 BC and are often seen as being present in Europe, Latin America and North America. According to Huntington, there are unique features of the West from other civilizations, namely the classical inheritance of Greek, Roman, Catholic and Protestant philosophy, the number of languages, and the separation of religious authority from worldly, rule of law, social and individual pluralism. - Chinese civilization: dating back to at least 1500 BC, Huntington called it the name of the civilization of Xenophushia, but he goes back and says that if the Caspianus is a major component of Chinese civilizations Chinese civilization is more than Confucianism, which transcends the boundaries of China as a political entity, to include Southeast Asia as well as cultures close to China, Vietnam and Korea. - The Japanese civilization: Huntington dates back to the 400 years BC and thus does not recognize the views of some scientists who say there are cultural features that combine the Japanese and Chinese culture. - Islamic civilization: This civilization emerged in the Arabian Peninsula in the seventh century AD, Islam has spread rapidly across North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, as well as Central .Asia, the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.
List of references:
 1 Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations, translated by Malik Obeid Abu Shehwa, Mohamed Mahmoud Khalaf, The Jamahiriya Publishing House, Libya, 1999
A, Mahdi, Carpentry, First Civilization War, Casablanca, Oyoun Publishers 1991
 Mohammed Abed Al-Jabri: Issues in Contemporary Thought, Center for Arab Unity Studies, 1997
Mohamed Amin and Others: The Clash of Civilizations or Multiculturalism The Arab Future Issue 238 December 1998
 Thinker Edward Said, articles criticizing and dismantling the clash of civilizations. Published by the Carmel 1997 cultural magazine
Paul Kennedy: The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers
Amin Saber: Dialogue and Arab-Islamic Civilization Damascus Al-Ahali for Distribution 2002 -10
Mohammed al - Saadi: Revoke the theory of clash of civilizations Magazine opinion and thought in 2007 number 2504 - 11
12 - Professor / Salah Abdul Ati. A critical reading in the book - the clash of civilizations and the rebuilding of the world order. Urban Dialogue - Issue: 2023 - 2007/8/30
Mohammed Al-Saadi, Theses for Understanding the New World. Initial Edition
14- Yassine Boubloui, Dialogue of Civilizations as a Cultural Dimension of the International System for the Post-Cold War Period, Introduction to Master's Degree in Political Science and International Relations, University of Algiers, 2002.
Magazine Reference:
1) Dr. Farid Zakaria, an article on the life of Samuel Huntington, in the Washington Post on January 24, 2009
References in English /
-1 Huntington the erosion of americain national interest.foreingn affairs.v 76.n 5 septembre / oktobre 1997.
Guangs «conflits des civilizations: fondemants théoriques et siginification pratique» anneé 1994 P4 [1]
Websites /
Wikipedia website / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki Samuel Huntington-1
In this context, the Mahdi the Carpenter, the first Civil War, Casablanca, published in the eyes of 1991. [1]
Muhammad Al-Saadi, Treatises on Understanding the New World, p. 44 [2]
Mohammed Al-Saadi, Dissertation to Understand the New World, First Edition, 2007 [3]
Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations, translated by Malik Obeid Abu Shehwa, Muhammad Mahmood Khalaf, The Jamahiriya Publishing House, Libya, 1999. [111]
Ibid., Pp. 194-193. [5]
Ibid., P. 100 [6]
Ibid., P. 111. [7]
 Means the concentration of supreme power in one hand, often consisting of trade unions, and employers. [8]
Huntington Preface .S.123-124 [9]
The Dialogue of Civilizations as One of the Cultural Pillars of International Post-Cold War Enlightenment, Introduction to the Master's Degree in Political Science and International Relations, University of Algiers2002. [10]
Muhammad al-Sa'di, op. Cit., Pp. 52-53 [11]
This approach, which belongs to the field of anthropology and especially cultural anthropology, considered culture as the basis for establishing the values ​​of society. [12]
Muhammad al-Sa'di, ibid., Pp. 54-55 [13]
Huntington Preface. [35]
Huntington.the erosion of americain national interest.foreingn affairs.v 76.n 5 septembre / oktobre 1997.pp 28-49.
Muhammad al-Sa'di, ibid., Pp. 64-65. [16]
 Mohammed Abed Al-Jabri: Issues in Contemporary Thought Center for Arab Unity Studies 1997 pp 83-91 [17]
 Ibid., P. 104 [18]
 The World Muhammad Amin and Others: The Clash of Civilizations or Multiculturalism The Arab Future Issue 238 December 1998, p. 74 [19]
 Paul Kennedy: The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers [IN HEBREW]
 Amin Saber: The Arab-Islamic Dialogue and Civilization Damascus Al-Ahali for Distribution 2002 pp. 136-137 [21]
 Muhammad Abed Al-Jabri: Issues in Contemporary Thought, p. 99 [22]

 Wang-jisi «conflits des civilizations: fondemants théoriques et siginification pratique» anneé 1994 P4 [23]